Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Related Metabolites following PCSK9 Inhibition in Statin-Treated Patients with Elevated Levels of Lipoprotein(a)

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12010170

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A – C ) Boxplots representing the concentration (log10 transformed) of total bile acids ( A ), and primary ( B ) and secondary ( C ) bile acids in fecal samples collected at baseline and on treatment. Samples from the same patient are connected using straight lines. The following primary bile acids were detected in feces: cholic acid, taurocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The following secondary bile acids were detected in feces: deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid. For statistical inference, we used a paired t -test, and the corresponding p -values are shown in each graph. ( D ) Linear relationship between the reduction in plasma LDL-c and the concentration of fecal bile acids (log10 transformed) after alirocumab therapy. Line of best fit for the linear model is plotted with 95% confidence interval (grey shade area). Individual samples are represented with black dots. The regression coefficient, coefficient of determination and the result of the F-test for the linear model are shown on the top of the plot.

Article Snippet: For identification of the different classes of BAs, we used the following pure standards to create a mass spectral–retention time library; taurocholic acid (Santa Cruz, sc220189, Dallas, TX, USA), taurolithocholic acid (Cayman Chemicals, 17275, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C1162-000, Newport, RI, USA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C1052-000), glycolithocholic acid (Steraloids, C1435-000), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C0962-000), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C1025-000), glycocholic acid (Steraloids, C1927-000), glycodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C1087-000), ursodeoxycholic acid (Steraloids, C1020-000), cholic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, C1129, St. Louis, MO, USA), deoxycholic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, D2510), lithocholic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, L6250), chenodeoxycholic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, C1050000).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Transformation Assay, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Bile-Salt-Hydrolases from the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 Mediate Anti-giardial Activity in Vitro and in Vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02707

Figure Lengend Snippet: Substrate specificities of L. johnsonii La1 BSHs. (A) Hydrolase activity of rBSH47 produced in E. coli tested on LB plates. E. coli SE1 wild type or E. coli SE1 expressing rBSH47 were plated in the presence of taurodeoxycholic acid 0.3% (TDCA) or glycodeoxycholic acid 0.3% (GDCA) and incubated for 48–72 h. Activity is detected when a whitish halo forms around colonies. Data with E. coli SE1 expressing rBSH12 and rBSH56, respectively, are not shown. (B) Phylogenetic relationship among selected BSH sequences and substrate prediction. Programme MEGA5 was used for the phylogenetic tree and for the 500-replication bootstrap analysis. The following predicted amino acid sequences were obtained from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot databases: BSH12, L. johnsonii La1 (Q74IV4_LACJO); BSH47, L. johnsonii La1 (Q74JG0_LACJO); BSH12, L. johnsonii La1 (Q74LX7_LACJO); CBAH-1, C. perfringens strain 13 (P54965.3); BSHA, L. acidophilus LA4 (ACL98173.1); BSHB, L. acidophilus LA4 (ACL98173.1); BSHA, L. acidophilus LA11 (ACL98175.1); BSHB, L. acidophilus LA11 (ACL98176.1); BSHA, L. acidophilus NCFM (YP_193782.1); BSHB, L. acidophilus NCFM (AAV42923.1); BSH , L. gasseri AM1 (ACL98172.1); BSH-α, L. johnsonii 100-100 (AAG22541.1); BSH-β, L. johnsonii 100-100 (AAC34381.1); BSHA, L. johnsonii pf01 (EGP12224.1); BSHB, L. johnsonii pf01 (EGP13287.1); BSHC, L. johnsonii pf01 (EGP12391.1); pCBH1, L. plantarum 80 (AAB24746.1); BSH1, L. plantarum WCSF (CCC80500.1); BlBSH, B. longum subsp. longum (2HF0); BSH, L. acidophilus PF01 (ABQ01980.1); BSH, L. plantarum CK 102 (Ha et al., ); Penicillin V Acylase (PVA), Bacillus sphaericus (3PVA). Substrate specificity, when known (see text for referenced literature) is indicated for each BSH enzyme (in brackets): (TC), specificity for tauro-conjugated bile salts; (GC), specificity for glyco-conjugated bile salts; (TC/GC), specificity for both tauro and glyco-conjugated bile salts.

Article Snippet: Overnight cultures were then spotted on LB agar plates supplemented with either 0.5% taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA, Sigma-Aldrich) or 0.5% glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA, Merck Millipore) and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The BSH hydrolyzing activities were also monitored using purified recombinant enzymes in presence of conjugated bile salts, in solution, by measuring the liberation of amino acids (glycine or taurine) as previously described (Grill et al., ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Produced, Expressing, Incubation

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Effect of Standardized Grape Powder Consumption on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study

doi: 10.3390/nu13113965

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum bile acid concentrations.

Article Snippet: Cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 (GDCA-D4) and chenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (CDCA-D4) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (MI, USA).

Techniques: